InhaltsangabePREFACE xix



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi



ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxiii



ABBREVIATIONS xxv



1 INTRODUCTION 1



1.1 What This Book Is About 1



1.2 Payload 3



1.3 Conventions 6



1.4 Book Sources 7



1.5 Summary of Rest of the Book 7



PART I PAYLOAD



2 PAYLOAD'S ON-ORBIT ENVIRONMENT 13



2.1 What Determines Environment 13



2.2 OnOrbit Environment 20



2.3 General Effects of Environment on Payload 27



3 ANTENNA 33



3.1 Introduction 33



3.2 General Antenna Concepts 35



3.3 SingleBeam Reflector Antenna 48



3.4 Horn 54



3.5 Antenna Array 57



3.6 Reflector-Based Multibeam Antenna 64



3.7 Autotrack 68



4 FILTER AND PAYLOAD-INTEGRATION ELEMENTS 79



4.1 Introduction 79



4.2 Impedance Mismatch 80



4.3 RF Lines for Payload Integration 82



4.3.1 Coaxial Cable 83



4.4 Other Payload-Integration Elements Aside from Switch 94



4.5 Filter 97



4.6 Switch and Redundancy 111



5 LOWNOISE AMPLIFIER AND FREQUENCY CONVERTER 123



5.1 Introduction 123



5.2 LowNoise Amplifiers and Frequency Converters in Payload 124



5.3 Intermodulation Products 126



5.4 LowNoise Amplifier 127



5.4.1 LNA Unit Architecture and Technology 127



5.5 Frequency Converter 132



6 PREAMPLIFIER AND HIGH-POWER AMPLIFIER 147



6.1 Introduction 147



6.2 HighPower Amplifier Concepts and Terms 148



6.3 Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifier versus Solid-State Power Amplifier 153



6.4 Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifier Subsystem 155



6.5 SolidState Power Amplifier 170



7 PAYLOAD'S COMMUNICATIONS PARAMETERS 181



7.1 Introduction 181



7.2 Gain Variation with Frequency 184



7.3 Phase Variation with Frequency 187



7.4 Channel Bandwidth 189



7.5 Phase Noise 190



7.6 Frequency Stability 190



7.7 Spurious Signals from Frequency Converter 191



7.8 HighPower Amplifier Nonlinearity 192



7.9 Spurious Signals from High-Power Amplifier Subsystem 192



7.10 Stability of Gain and Power-Out of High-Power Amplifier Subsystem 194



7.11 Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power 195



7.12 Figure of Merit G/Ts 196



7.13 SelfInterference 199



7.14 Passive Intermodulation Products 201



8 MORE ANALYSES FOR PAYLOAD DEVELOPMENT 207



8.1 Introduction 207



8.2 How to Deal with Noise Figure 208



8.3 How to Make and Maintain Payload Performance Budgets 211



8.4 HighPower Amplifier Topics 223



8.5 How to Avoid Monte Carlo Simulations on Gaussian Random Variables 231



9 PROCESSING PAYLOAD 241



9.1 Introduction 241



9.2 Capabilities of Current Processing Payloads 242



9.3 DigitalProcessing Elements Common to Both Nonregenerative and Regenerative Payloads 245



9.4 Nonregenerative Processing-Payload 248



9.5 Regenerative Payload 250



PART II PAYLOAD IN END-TO-END COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM



10 PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS THEORY 259



10.1 Introduction 259



10.2 Communications Theory Fundamentals 260



10.3 Modulating Transmitter 268



10.4 Filters 278



10.5 Demodulating Receiver 281



10.6 SNR, Es/N0, and Eb/N0 293


10.7 Summary of Signal Distortion Sources 295



11 COMMUNICATIONS LINK 299



11.1 Introduction 299



11.2 EndtoEnd C/N0 300



11.3 Signal Power on Link 301



11.4 Noise Level on Link 311



11.5 Interference on Link 312



11.6 Link Budget 317



12 PROBABILISTIC TREATMENT OF MULTIBEAM DOWNLINKS 321



12.1 Introduction 321



12.2 Multibeam-Downlink Payload Specifications 322



12.3 Repeater-Caused Variation of C and C/Iself and Nominal Value 324



12.4 Combining Antenna-Caused Variation into Repeater-Caused Variation 333



12.5 PayloadCaused Variation of CI(I+N) 337



12.6 Combining Atmosphere-Caused Variation into Payload-Caused Variation 337



12.7 Optimizing Multibeam-Downlink Payload Specified on Link Availability 339



13 ENDTOEND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM MODEL WITH FOCUS ON PAYLOAD 343



13.1 Introduction 343



13.2 Considerations for Both Software Simulation and Hardware Emulation 344



13.3 Additional Considerations for Simulation 352



13.4 Additional C